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Hurricane Elena When Will Hurricane Michelle Hit Again

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Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 2001

Hurricane Michelle
Category four major hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)
Michelle 2001-11-03 1845Z.jpg

Hurricane Michelle shortly before peak intensity on Nov three
Formed October 29, 2001
Dissipated November half-dozen, 2001
(Extratropical later November 5)
Highest winds 1-minute sustained: 140 mph (220 km/h)
Lowest pressure 933 mbar (hPa); 27.55 inHg
Fatalities 48 total
Damage $2.43 billion (2001 USD)
Areas affected
  • Jamaica
  • Costa rica
  • Nicaragua
  • Honduras
  • Cayman Islands
  • Cuba
  • Florida
  • The Bahamas
  • Turks and Caicos Islands
  • Bermuda
Part of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Michelle was the 5th costliest tropical cyclone in Cuban history and strongest of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. The thirteenth named storm and seventh hurricane that yr, Michelle developed from a tropical wave that had traversed into the western Caribbean Bounding main on October 29; the moving ridge had initially moved off the declension of Africa thirteen days prior. In its early on developmental stages, the depression meandered over Nicaragua, later paralleling the Mosquito Coast before intensifying into tropical storm intensity on Nov 1; Michelle was upgraded to hurricane strength the following twenty-four hour period. Shortly subsequently, rapid intensification ensued inside favorable weather, with the storm'southward central barometric pressure level dropping 51 mbar (hPa; 1.51 inHg) in 29 hours. After a slight fluctuation in strength, Michelle reached its peak intensity every bit a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 140 mph (225 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 933 mbar (hPa; 27.55 inHg).[nb 1] This tied Michelle with 1999's Lenny as the fourth most powerful November hurricane on record in the Atlantic Basin, backside only the 1932 Cuba hurricane and 2020 Hurricanes Iota and Eta. At roughly the same fourth dimension, the hurricane began to advance northeastward; this brought the intense hurricane to a Cuban landfall within the Bay of Pigs later that day. Crossing over the island, Michelle was weakened significantly, and was only a Category one hurricane upon reentry into the Atlantic Body of water. The hurricane later transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over The Commonwealth of the bahamas on November 5, before being captivated past a common cold front the following day.

Hurricane Michelle acquired widespread destruction across the western Caribbean during its eight-day trek. Equally a tropical wave, torrential rainfall occurred across Jamaica, causing mudslides and killing two people. Damage in the island country was estimated at $xviii million.[nb 2] When the storm drifted over areas of Primal America early on in its existence, heavy rains isolated numerous villages and damaged infrastructure, affecting areas affected by Hurricane Mitch roughly 3 years prior. In Honduras and Nicaragua, 14 people were killed, with an additional 62 people unaccounted for. In the Cayman Islands, areas were afflicted by strong tempest surge and flooding, peculiarly in Chiliad Cayman, where damage was totaled $28 1000000.

The bulk of harm caused by Michelle occurred in Cuba, where the storm was the strongest tropical whirlwind to make landfall on the isle in over 49 years. Strong storm surge and heavy rainfall disrupted advice networks across the state. High winds and rain too destroyed buildings and damaged the sugar cane crop. At the time, Michelle was the costliest hurricane in Cuban history with an estimated $2 billion in impairment; this figure was greatly surpassed past Hurricane Ike about seven years after. Equally a weakening system, Michelle moved past Florida and the Bahamas. Strong waves caused severe beach erosion and winds damaged belongings. Throughout the entirety of Michelle's rails, 22 people were killed, and impairment was estimated at $ii.43 billion (2001 USD; $iii.72 billion 2022 USD). Later the season, the proper name Michelle was retired and was replaced with Melissa for the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season.

Meteorological history [edit]

Map plotting the tempest's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

Map key

Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)

Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)

Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)

Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)

Category iii (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)

Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)

Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)

Unknown

On October sixteen, 2001, a tropical wave moved westward off the coast of Africa and moved into the Atlantic Ocean. At the fourth dimension, the moving ridge produced minimal convective and thunderstorm activeness. On October 23, the disturbance crossed the Lesser Antilles before moving into the Caribbean Sea while showing minimal signs of tropical development. Iii days later, the wave moved into the western Caribbean, spawning a broad low-force per unit area area off the coast of Nicaragua. At 1800 UTC on October 29,[ane] a reconnaissance flight confirmed the evolution of a tropical depression 40 mi (sixty km) due south-southwest of Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua.[2] At the time, convection was displaced primarily to the north of the heart of apportionment, and the storm was situated in a weak steering pattern; as such, initial forecasts predicted for the depression, designated as Tropical Depression Fifteen, to slowly move generally northward.[3] Later that 24-hour interval, a flare-up of convection occurred over the circulation center of the depression, indicating an increment in organization.[4] The disturbance meandered over eastern Nicaragua for 36 hours before emerging into the Caribbean Body of water near Cabo Gracias a Dios by 2100 UTC on October 31.[one] [5] Upon emerging into the Caribbean area Body of water, the depression quickly organized, and the National Hurricane Center (NHC) upgraded the low to tropical storm strength at 0000 UTC the following day, based on information from a reconnaissance flight prior. As such, the tropical storm was designated with the name Michelle.[6] [7]

Gradual strengthening occurred throughout November one, as Michelle's cloud tops began to absurd equally it drifted n, signifying strengthening. At the time, the NHC predicted that there was a roughly 12 percent gamble for the tropical storm to rapidly intensify; past that time the storm had met three of the organization'southward five criterion for rapid intensification.[viii] During the day, fluctuations in convective activity occurred and at that place were some signs of air current shear affecting the cyclone, but there was a general strengthening trend.[nine] Two dropsondes deployed within the organisation early November 2 observed hurricane-force winds within Michelle; based on this information the NHC upgraded Michelle to hurricane intensity at 1200 UTC that twenty-four hour period,[7] while the storm was situated 290 mi (460 km) south-southeast of the Guanahacabibes Peninsula.[x]

A period of rapid intensification began soon subsequently as Michelle's satellite presentation improved, with the cyclone's minimum barometric pressure falling 51 mbar (hPa; i.51 inHg) in 29 hours.[1] At 0000 UTC on November 3, the hurricane attained Category 2 hurricane intensity. At roughly the same fourth dimension, the hurricane's eye became more credible on satellite imagery.[11] By 1200 UTC later that day, Michelle had intensified to a Category 4 hurricane.[7] Half-dozen hours afterwards, the hurricane weakened to Category iii intensity, but reached its minimum barometric force per unit area of 934 mbar (hPa; 27.58 inHg). Afterwards, Michelle'south central force per unit area began to rising; despite the tendency, its maximum sustained winds also strengthened as it curved northeastward.[vii] Despite having its convective organization disrupted and its eye no longer as credible on Nov 4,[12] Michelle attained winds of 140 mph (220 km/h) by 0600 UTC that day; these would be the highest sustained winds estimated for the system throughout its existence.[7]

At 1800 UTC on November 4, Michelle made landfall on Cayo Largo del Sur as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 140 mph (220 km/h); this was followed shortly after with a landfall on the Bay of Pigs v hours later on every bit a slightly weaker storm. When Michelle fabricated landfall on the Cuban mainland, it was the strongest landfalling hurricane in Cuban history since the landfall of Hurricane Flim-flam in 1952. At the time, the hurricane'southward minimum barometric pressure was 950 mbar (hPa; 28.06 inHg). Over Republic of cuba, Michelle's center of circulation was significantly disrupted, and as a result the hurricane decreased in intensity;[1] by the time it had emerged into the Atlantic Ocean on November 5, winds were only estimated at ninety mph (150 km/h).[7] Southwesterly wind shear further inhibited any additional tropical evolution, and as such Michelle began to transition into an extratropical cyclone.[13] That day, the weakening hurricane fabricated landfalls over Andros Island and Eleuthera Isle before becoming fully extratropical by 0000 UTC on Nov 6, while still maintaining hurricane-strength winds. The extratropical organization persisted for roughly 18 more hours before it was absorbed by an approaching cold front.[one]

Preparations [edit]

Cuba [edit]

Map showing areas under the effect of tropical cyclone watches and warnings as denoted by highlighted borders. The hurricane's wind field, shown in contours, is also displayed.

Warnings and watches associated with Hurricane Michelle as it fabricated landfall on Republic of cuba on November 4

Equally Hurricane Michelle approached the Cuban coast, the government of Cuba issued a hurricane watch for the western Cuban provinces of Pinar del Río, La Habana, Matanzas, and Isla de la Juventud at 2100 UTC on Nov 1.[14] The following day, the aforementioned hurricane watch was extended east to include all provinces from Pinar del Río to Ciego de Ávila;[1] [15] all hurricane watches in Cuba were upgraded to hurricane warnings at 1100 UTC on November 3.[16] All warnings in Cuba were discontinued in one case Michelle began to accelerate out to body of water at 1200 UTC on November 5.[1]

Prior to reaching the coast, Michelle was expected to exist the strongest Cuban tropical whirlwind in at least 75 years. The Cuban Red Cross deployed 24,500 volunteers across Cuba to aid civil defence force teams in evacuation procedures for potentially afflicted populations. Past November 4, an estimated 590,000 people were evacuated beyond the state, including 80 percent of the population of the province of Pinar del Río.[17] In Havana, authorities evacuated 150,000 people. Coastal tourist resorts were cleared, and 35,500 students were evacuated out of camps hosted on the Zapata Peninsula.[eighteen] On Republic of cuba's southwestern islands including Cayo Largo and Isla de la Juventud, 500 tourists were evacuated. The entire population of Surgidero de Batabanó was evacuated.[xix] In improver to the evacuations, the authorities sent food, h2o, and medicine supplies to areas southward of the uppercase. All domestic and international flights to and from the country were cancelled.[eighteen]

Elsewhere [edit]

At 1700 UTC on November 1, a tropical storm sentry was issued for Grand Cayman Island.[1] [15] Three hours prior, the National Hurricane Center issued a tropical storm warning in conjunction with a hurricane watch for areas of the Florida Keys from Ocean Reef, Florida to the Dry out Tortugas.[sixteen] At 0300 UTC on November iv, a hurricane scout was issued for areas of the northwestern and fundamental Commonwealth of the bahamas. At the same fourth dimension, a new tropical storm warning was issued for the due east coast of Florida between Jupiter Inlet and Sea Reef, and for the land'south western coast due south of Bonita Embankment. At 0600 UTC, the tropical storm watch for 1000 Cayman was upgraded and extended to include the entirety of the Cayman Islands. Half dozen hours later, the hurricane watch for the Florida Keys was upgraded to alarm condition. Early the side by side day, a hurricane sentry was issued for Bermuda after Michelle made its final Cuban landfall. Meanwhile, the tropical tempest alert issued for the Cayman Islands was discontinued. Every bit Michelle accelerated away from landmasses, warnings and watches were discontinued. All tropical cyclone warnings in the United States were discontinued by 2100 UTC that day. At the same time, withal, the hurricane watch for Bermuda was changed to a tropical tempest alarm; this warning was sustained for a day before existence discontinued, before long later all warnings in the Commonwealth of the bahamas were as well discontinued.[1]

Impact [edit]

Deaths and damage by region
Region Total
deaths		 Missing Damage
(USD)		 Source
Bahama islands 0 0 $300 1000000
Cayman Islands 0 0 $28 million
Republic of costa rica 0 0 $one million
Republic of cuba 5 0 $two billion [20]
Florida 0 0 $66,000
Haiti 1 0 $20,000
Honduras 21 50 $v 1000000
Jamaica 5 0 $18 million
Nicaragua 16 12 $1 million
Totals: 48 62 ~$ii.43 billion
Because of differing sources, totals may not match.

Hurricane Michelle brought torrential rains along its path through the western Caribbean Sea, killing 22 people and causing extensive damage in Central America and Cuba.

Jamaica [edit]

As the precursor tropical wave to Michelle drifted through the western Caribbean Bounding main, it produced torrential rainfall on the island of Jamaica, causing widespread flooding.[1] Several residences on Annotto Bay and Port Maria were flooded. As a result, 163 evacuees sought shelter in locations in Annotto Bay. In Portland, a shelter was opened for effected populations;[21] in the same parish, six homes were swept away from their foundations.[22] In the parishes of Saint Catherine, Saint Andrew, and Saint Ann, several roads were blocked past droppings. The Jamaican National Works Agency (NWA) worked to clear the road debris.[21] The blocked roads isolated seven Jamaican villages for an extended catamenia of time.[23]

Later on tropical cyclogenesis, Michelle passed to the northwest of Jamaica, producing additional rainfall. In a 48-hour period get-go on October 29, a location measured 41.65 inches (1,058 mm), denoting an average rainfall rate of 0.86 inches (22 mm) per hour.[24] Many other locations reported loftier rainfall totals over a 10-24-hour interval flow throughout Michelle's passage about Jamaica.[1] Near Spur Tree Loma, an oil spill resulted from the flooding. Roads that were previously cleaned of debris a few days prior were covered over again by the boosted rainfall. The rains also disrupted the country's advice and electrical filigree, leaving half dozen,000 homes without power in affected regions. The widespread power outages in conjunction with invasive floodwaters also caused the cessation of 31 water plants run by the National Water Committee. Overall, xxx homes were destroyed past flooding acquired by Michelle as it passed to the northwest. All-encompassing impairment was reported to small livestock, bananas, plantains, vegetables, and coffee.[25] Coffee crops were severely affected in Portland and Saint Andrew Parishes, with losses calculated at J$102.half-dozen one thousand thousand (The states$2.2 million). Roughly 400 air-conditioning (200 ha) of banana plantations were damaged over 4 parishes, amounting to J$xviii.two one thousand thousand (The states$400,000) in damage. The plantain crop, mostly grown for domestic usage, suffered extensive damage valued at J$22 million (US$480,000). Losses sustained to livestock were estimated at J$thirty.8 million (U.s.$670,000).[26]

Overall, floods caused widespread damage throughout Jamaica. The watersheds of the Spanish and Swift Rivers were the worst affected areas. About the coast, the rivers began to overflow due to backlog floodwater, eroding beach roads and iii major highways. In Portland Parish, the rains acquired numerous landslides. In the community of Bybrook solitary, it was estimated that roughly 7,000,000 ft3 (200,000 mthree) of material was deposited in the village. An assessment of the harm concluded that 500 homes were destroyed beyond repair, while an additional 561 homes were at least damaged by the floods and heavy rain. While one school was damaged solely by the floods, six other schools were damaged due to their use as shelters.[26] Damage on Jamaica due to Michelle totaled $18 million,[27] of which $eleven.8 million was due to ingather and livestock losses. Damage to bridges alone totaled J$143.seven million (US$iii.1 1000000). Five fatalities were also confirmed,[26] and 340 people were displaced from their homes.[27]

Cardinal America [edit]

In its early on developmental stages equally a tropical depression, Michelle drifted over areas of Key America for roughly 36 hours, dropping torrential rainfall and causing widespread flooding in areas affected past Hurricane Mitch almost exactly three years prior. The hardest hit region was Gracias a Dios Department in northeastern Honduras, where at ane point 100 villages were isolated by the floods. The torrential rainfall acquired the deportation of at least 100,000 people from their residences.[one] Beyond Central America, over 27,300 people were evacuated from flooded areas.[28]

In Honduras, the floods damaged 245 homes, resulting in the displacement of iv,393 people across the country. Six bridges sustained at least partial damage, of which iii were destroyed. As a result of the damage, the government of Republic of honduras declared a land of emergency for five departments – Colón, Atlántida, Yoro, Cortés, and Santa Bárbara.[29] The floods acquired by Michelle were further exacerbated by a common cold front which lingered over the region, dropping additional rainfall.[28] Of the affected departments, Yoro was the near afflicted, with no supply of drinkable water and electricity following the flooding.[30] Near Yoro, a bridge crossing the Cuyamapa River complanate due to the floodwaters.[31] Despite the heavy rainfall, areas of Republic of honduras suffering from a prolonged drought did non receive beneficial rainfall.[32] Overall, the floods in Republic of honduras killed 21 people and caused $5 1000000 in impairment.[33] Xxx-5 of the country's water systems were destroyed. The rains besides caused the loss of lxx percent of bean crops.[34]

Although the forerunner to Michelle remained stationary primarily over Nicaragua, damage was not as significant every bit in Republic of honduras due to the storm'due south deportation of convection to the north.[one] Nonetheless, floods still isolated villages and other communities in the Nicaraguan districts of Bonaza, Rosita, Siuna, Puerto Cabezas, Waspam, and to a bottom extent, Prinzapolka. In those areas, roads and bridges were damaged, and in some cases, destroyed. The heavy rains also damaged crops.[xxx] Due to the rains, an estimated half-dozen,000 people evacuated from their homes. The port metropolis of Puerto Cabezas was partially flooded.[35] As a event of Michelle, a total of sixteen deaths were confirmed, and harm in the land was estimated at $ane million.[33] In Republic of costa rica, Michelle caused anomalously high rainfall, resulting in flooding.[36] Overall, damage in Costa rica totaled $1 million, though no deaths were reported.[33]

Cayman Islands [edit]

In early Nov, Hurricane Michelle brought heavy surf, tempest surge, and flooding to the Cayman Islands. Of the islands in the archipelago, Grand Cayman experienced the worst effects from Michelle, particularly forth the island'due south west coast. Rainfall peaked at six.52 in (166 mm) in Grand Cayman; the aforementioned station recorded a peak wind gust of 44 mph (lxx km/h).[1] The rains caused localized flooding in the western and southern portions of the island.[37] Some other weather station in Cayman Brac observed a tiptop wind gust of 40 mph (65 km/h).[1] Overall, damage from the Cayman Islands totaled $sixty million.[33]

Cuba [edit]

Costliest Cuban hurricanes
Rank Hurricane Season Damage Refs
1 Irma 2017 $13.2 billion [38]
2 Ike 2008 $vii.3 billion [39]
3 Matthew 2016 $2.58 billion [40]
4 Gustav 2008 $2.1 billion [39]
5 Michelle 2001 $ii billion [20]
Sandy 2012 [41]
vii Dennis 2005 $1.5 billion [42]
eight Ivan 2004 $1.2 billion [43]
9 Charley 2004 $923 million [43]
x Wilma 2005 $700 million [44]

In Cuba, about 750,000 people and 741,000 animals were evacuated prior to the hurricane's arrival.[45] Hurricane Michelle quickly crossed the island equally a Category 4 hurricane, the strongest since 1952's Hurricane Play a trick on. To the south of Republic of cuba, Cayo Largo del Sur received a 9–x human foot tempest surge, inundating the entire isle with h2o. Closer to Republic of cuba, the Isle of Youth experienced 11.83 inches (300 mm) of pelting with xv-foot (four.half-dozen m) waves, causing all-encompassing power outages and flooding.[1]

On the coast of western and southern Cuba, Michelle produced 4–5 human foot waves, along with a heavy storm surge. Rainfall amounts upward to 754 mm/29.69 inches were recorded across the island.[42] In addition, 300 mm/xi.83 inches was reported at Punta del Este. The provinces of Matanzas, Villa Clara, and Cienfuegos were hardest striking, where 10,000 homes were destroyed and another 100,000 damaged. Astringent damage was besides reported to the carbohydrate cane[1] and in the tourist boondocks of Varadero. In Havana, winds and rain destroyed 23 buildings, with many others damaged. Due to well-executed warnings and evacuations, but 5 people were killed in Republic of cuba.[46] The Category 4 hurricane caused US$ane.8 billion in damage.[twenty]

Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in the Bahamas
Highest-known totals
Atmospheric precipitation Storm Location Ref.
Rank mm in
i 747.5 29.43 Noel 2007 Long Isle [47]
2 580.1 22.84 Dorian 2019 Hope Town [48]
iii 500.iii 19.70 Matthew 2016 Matthew Town, Inagua [49]
4 436.6 17.xix Flora 1963 Duncan Town [50]
five 390.1 15.36 Inez 1966 Nassau Airdrome [50]
6 337.1 xiii.27 Play a trick on 1952 New Providence [50]
seven 321.i 12.64 Michelle 2001 Nassau [51]
8 309.4 12.18 Erin 1995 Church Grove [52]
ix 260.0 nine.88 Fay 2008 Freeport [53]
10 236.seven ix.32 Floyd 1999 Little Harbor Abacos [54]

The United States offered aid to the island, an human action it had done in the by despite a political embargo.[55] President Fidel Castro refused, believing his state would survive with plenty resources for the reconstruction procedure.[56]

Rainfall totals from Hurricane Michelle in Florida

Florida [edit]

Severe embankment erosion due to increased swells over several days took place from Hollywood Beach to Hallandale Embankment. At loftier tide on November 4, water topped the seawall, damaging it and nearby structures leaving $twenty,000 in amercement. The cost to restore the beaches was estimated at $10 million.[57] The highest winds in relation to the storm were recorded in Sombrero Key; sustained winds reached 49 mph (79 km/h) and gusts reached sixty mph (95 km/h).[58] A storm surge of i to 2 ft (0.30 to 0.61 1000) was recorded along the southeast coastline of Florida. Damages from the hurricane amounted to $50,000.[59]

Two tornadoes touched down in the state within the outer bands of the hurricane.[59] The outset formed as a waterspout and moved onshore about Bill Baggs Beach and destroyed two Chikee huts, costing $half dozen,000, warranting F0 intensity, before dissipating.[60] The 2nd and stronger of the 2 tornadoes, rated F1, tracked for 2 mi (iii.2 km) in Palm Embankment County. Windows were blown out of vehicles and buildings, trees and signs were downed and a small area of sugar cane was leveled by the tornado. Damages from the tornado amounted to $10,000.[61] A NOAA WP-3D Orion hurricane hunter shipping was damaged during a mission into the tempest.[1]

Bahama islands [edit]

Because Hurricane Michelle was weakened and moving rapidly every bit it moved through the Bahamas, no deaths or injuries were reported. The hurricane still retained some of its force, and caused 12.64 inches (321 mm) of rain in Nassau, while New Providence received a storm surge of 5–8 feet.[1] Flooding was reported throughout the archipelago and high winds downed numerous trees, resulting in 200,000 power outages. A few homes sustained roof damage and the roof a shopping center in Nassau was blown into a nearby funeral home.[62] The radio tower of the station MORE FM was snapped in half by high winds, resulting in a severe disruption of radio broadcasts.[63]

Backwash [edit]

Ships carrying tons of frozen chicken legs and corn arrived in Havana'south harbor on December sixteen, to assist in the recovery of Cuba from Hurricane Michelle. The shipments are role of a one-fourth dimension $30 million purchase of U.South. food past the Cuban government to assist in the country's nowadays nutrient shortage.[64]

The Cuban government refused an initial U.S. offer of humanitarian assist, just accepted a proposal to purchase the goods instead. Although the United states has maintained an economic embargo on Cuba for decades, U.S. law does allow shipments of food and medicine to the communist-controlled island. Only until now the Cuban government has refused to purchase American food because of the restrictions, including a ban on direct U.S. financing of food sales.[64]

Other aid from the international community is helping Republic of cuba survive Michelle's aftermath. Cuba was promised $600,000 in assistance from Chinese leader Li Peng, who was visiting when the hurricane struck. Venezuela likewise sent humanitarian help.[64]

Retirement [edit]

Because of its furnishings, the name Michelle was retired in the bound of 2002 and will never over again be used for an Atlantic hurricane. The name was replaced with Melissa in the 2007 season.

See besides [edit]

  • Tropical cyclones in 2001
  • List of wettest tropical cyclones in Cuba
  • List of Cuba hurricanes
  • List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
  • 1932 Republic of cuba hurricane – Late-flavor Category v which became i of the deadliest hurricanes in recorded history later on hit Cuba
  • Hurricane Pull a fast one on (1952)
  • Hurricane Kate (1985) – Belatedly-flavor major hurricane that caused extensive damage to areas of Republic of cuba after making landfall every bit a Category 2 hurricane
  • Hurricane Paloma (2008) – Powerful November major hurricane which caused significant damage to portions of Cuba, worsening the effects of several other hurricanes that affected the state

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ All sustained current of air speeds are measured over a period of one minute and rounded to the nearest five post-obit the standard set up by the National Hurricane Center.
  2. ^ All damage totals are in 2001 United States dollars unless otherwise noted.

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Beven, Jack; National Hurricane Center (Jan 23, 2002). Hurricane Michelle (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Study). Miami, Florida: U.s. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Atmospheric condition Service. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  2. ^ Franklin, James (October 29, 2001). "Tropical Low Fifteen Advisory Number 1". Miami, Florida: United states National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration'due south National Weather condition Service. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  3. ^ Franklin, James (October 29, 2001). "Tropical Depression Fifteen Word Number i". Miami, Florida: Usa National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  4. ^ Stewart, Stacy R. (October 29, 2001). "Tropical Depression Fifteen Word Number ii". Miami, Florida: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration'south National Conditions Service. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  5. ^ Beven, Jack (October 31, 2001). "Tropical Depression Xv Discussion Number ix". Miami, Florida: U.s.a. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration'due south National Conditions Service. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  6. ^ Stewart, Stacy R. (October 31, 2001). "Tropical Storm Michelle Discussion Number ten". Miami, Florida: Us National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration'south National Weather condition Service. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  7. ^ a b c d e f "Atlantic hurricane best runway (HURDAT version two)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Centre. Apr 8, 2022. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  8. ^ Pasch, Richard (November i, 2001). "Tropical Storm Michelle Discussion Number xi". Miami, Florida: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Conditions Service. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  9. ^ Stewart, Stacy R. (Nov 1, 2001). "Tropical Storm Michelle Word Number 14". Miami, Florida: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration'southward National Weather Service. Retrieved xx June 2013.
  10. ^ Beven, Jack (Nov ii, 2001). "Hurricane Michelle Intermediate Advisory Number 15A". Miami, Florida: Usa National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  11. ^ Avila, Lixion A. (Nov 2, 2001). "Hurricane Michelle Discussion Number 18". Miami, Florida: United states National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Conditions Service. Retrieved twenty June 2013.
  12. ^ Stewart, Stacy R. (November four, 2001). "Hurricane Michelle Word Number 23". Miami, Florida: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Atmospheric condition Service. Retrieved xx June 2013.
  13. ^ Stewart, Stacy R. (November 5, 2001). "Hurricane Michelle Discussion Number 27series=National Hurricane Heart Tropical Cyclone Advisory Discussions". Miami, Florida: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  14. ^ Franklin, James (November 1, 2001). "Tropical Storm Michelle Forecast/Advisory Number xiii". Miami, Florida: The states National Oceanic and Atmospheric Assistants's National Weather Service. Retrieved xx June 2013.
  15. ^ a b Avila, Lixion A. (November iii, 2001). "Hurricane Michelle Forecast/Advisory Number eighteen". Miami, Florida: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration'south National Atmospheric condition Service. Retrieved twenty June 2013.
  16. ^ a b Beven, Jack (November 3, 2001). "Hurricane Michelle Forecast/Informational Number 19". Miami, Florida: U.s.a. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration'southward National Weather condition Service. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  17. ^ "590,000 People evacuated as Hurricane Michelle heads for Cuba". International Federation of Red Cross and Ruby-red Crescent Societies. November 4, 2001. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  18. ^ a b "Thousands Evacuated as Monster Hurricane Michelle Heads for Republic of cuba". Al Bawaba News. Nov 4, 2001. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  19. ^ "Cuba Braces for Impact of Hurricane Michelle". The New York Times. New York, New York. The New York Times. November iii, 2001. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  20. ^ a b c Pielke, Roger A; Rubiera, Jose; Landsea, Christopher; Fernández, Mario L; Klein, Roberta (Baronial 1, 2003). "Hurricane Vulnerability in Latin America and The Caribbean area: Normalized Impairment and Loss Potentials" (PDF). Natural Hazards Review. 4 (3): 101–114. doi:x.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2003)4:3(101). ISSN 1527-6988. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 15, 2014. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
  21. ^ a b Government of Jamaica (Oct 30, 2001). Flash flooding news release #seven (State of affairs Report). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  22. ^ Government of Jamaica (October 30, 2001). Flash flooding news release #9 (Situation Report). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  23. ^ Government of Jamaica (Oct 31, 2001). Flash flooding news release #10 (Situation Written report). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  24. ^ Ahmad, Rafi; Brownish, Lawrence; Jamaica National Meteorological Service (January 1, 2010). Assessment of Rainfall Characteristics and Landslide Hazards in Jamaica (PDF) (Report). University of Wisconsin. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2012. {{cite report}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ Authorities of Jamaica (October 31, 2001). Flash flooding in Jamaica: Situation written report #1 (Situation Report). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  26. ^ a b c Caribbean area Development And Cooperation Committee (December seven, 2001). Jamaica: Assessment Of The Damage Caused By Flood Rains And Landslides In Association With Hurricane Michelle, October 2001 (PDF) (Report). Economic Committee For Latin America and the Caribbean area. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  27. ^ a b Darmouth Inundation Observatory (January 25, 2002). "2001 Global Register of Extreme Alluvion Events". Dartmouth Flood Observatory's Active Archive of Large Floods. Dartmouth College. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
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External links [edit]

  • NHC Michelle Report
  • Michelle News Reports

alderbentim89.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Michelle

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